New Feature of JUnit: Theories
A couple of months ago I blogged about JUnit Rules, one of the new features in JUnit. While fooling around with JUnit Rules, I found a couple more features that you might be interested in. So here it comes: Theories! It turns out Theories are really a piece of cake. Try this:
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import org.junit.experimental.theories.DataPoint;
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import org.junit.experimental.theories.Theories;
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import org.junit.experimental.theories.Theory;
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import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
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@RunWith(Theories.class)
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public class TheorieTest {
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@DataPoint
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public static String a = "a";
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@DataPoint
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public static String b = "bb";
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@DataPoint
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public static String c = "ccc";
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@Theory
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public void stringTest(String x, String y) {
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assumeTrue(x.length() > 1);
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System.out.println(x + " " + y);
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}
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}
When you run this you’ll get this as an output (and one successfull test):
bb a bb bb bb ccc ccc a ccc bb ccc ccc
So what is going on? The first thing to note is that this test is executed by a specialized runner of type Theories. This runner executes all the public methods annotated with @Theory. Differently from normal tests theories have parameters. In order to fill these parameters with values, the Theories runner uses all the public fields of matching Type and annotated with @DataPoint. When you take a look at the output, it should be obvious why this is more powerful then parameterized Tests: Every combination of values is tried, thus with e.g. 4 parameters with 4 distinct values each, you end up with 256 test runs.
The idea is to specify a theory about the object under test, that holds for a large class of states and parameters. Then you provide those as parameters to the test method which will test the theory.
A probably very common case is that a theory is known not to be valid for certain cases. You can exclude these from a test using the Assume class. If an assumption doesn’t hold, the test is silently ignored. This is used in the example above to prevent ‘a’ to be used as a first parameter.
There are some more tweaks to Theories in JUnit, which I will cover in a later blog. Until then enjoy the new feature. But keep in mind the package in which theories reside up to now: org.junit.experimental.theories so I’d expect some changes in the API and at least a change in package name.
Very cool feature – I hope this makes it to their core soon. Thanks for the post.
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[...] blog provides a great summary of what theories are and how to write a parameter supplier to supply a series of datapoints in Java. The annotation [...]